除了 [item set aside] （以外），[remaining set] 都 [predicate]
觸 · Trigger
You want to lift one item out of a set and say the same thing holds for everything that remains.
序 · The move
1Put the item you are setting aside after 除了, optionally closed with 以外.Is the thing after 除了 the one exception, not part of what the predicate covers?
2Name the remaining set in the second clause.Is there a set still left over for 都 to sweep, once the 除了 item is gone?
3Stand 都 before the predicate and let it cover all of the remainder.Is the marker 都 (sweep the rest), not 還/也 (add the item back in)?
除了…都… sets the item OUTSIDE and sweeps only the rest (everything except it). 除了…還/也… keeps the item IN and stacks more on top (this one, plus more). The second marker decides the direction.
只有…
除了…都… names the one item left OUT and affirms the whole remainder. 只有… names the one item left IN and denies the remainder.
除了牛肉，其他的肉我可以吃。 → 除了牛肉以外，其他的肉我都可以吃。 (The exclusion sense needs 都 to sweep the remaining set; without it the frame is unfinished.)
除了牛肉以外，其他的肉我還可以吃。 → 除了牛肉以外，其他的肉我都可以吃。 (還 adds beef back in; this sentence means beef is the exception, so 都 covers the rest.)
牛肉除了以外，其他的肉我都可以吃。 → 除了牛肉以外，其他的肉我都可以吃。 (除了 leads the item it sets aside, it does not trail it.)
English says except X, all the rest with one word and free order; Chinese splits the job across two fixed slots — 除了 at the front of the first clause, 都 wedged before the verb in the second.